MAKE(1) manual page

Name

make - GNU make utility to maintain groups of programs

The make utility will determine automatically which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled, and issue the commands to recompile them. The manual describes the GNU implementation of make, which was written by Richard Stallman and Roland McGrath, and is currently maintained by Paul Smith. Our examples show C programs, since they are very common, but you can use make with any programming language whose compiler can be run with a shell command. In fact, make is not limited to programs. You can use it to describe any task where some files must be updated automatically from others whenever the others change.

To prepare to use make, you must write a file called the makefile that describes the relationships among files in your program, and the states the commands for updating each file. In a program, typically the executable file is updated from object files, which are in turn made by compiling source files.

Once a suitable makefile exists, each time you change some source files, this simple shell command:

make

suffices to perform all necessary recompilations. The make program uses the makefile description and the last-modification times of the files to decide which of the files need to be updated. For each of those files, it issues the commands recorded in the makefile.

make executes commands in the makefile to update one or more target names, where name is typically a program. If no -f option is present, make will look for the makefiles GNUmakefile, makefile, and Makefile, in that order.

Normally you should call your makefile either makefile or Makefile. (We recommend Makefile because it appears prominently near the beginning of a directory listing, right near other important files such as README.) The first name checked, GNUmakefile, is not recommended for most makefiles. You should use this name if you have a makefile that is specific to GNU make, and will not be understood by other versions of make. If makefile is ’-’, the standard input is read.

make updates a target if it depends on prerequisite files that have been modified since the target was last modified, or if the target does not exist.

Options

-b, -m: These options are ignored for compatibility with other versions of make.
-B, --always-make: Unconditionally make all targets.
-C dir, --directory=dir: Change to directory dir before reading the makefiles or doing anything else. If multiple -C options are specified, each is interpreted relative to the previous one: -C / -C etc is equivalent to -C /etc. This is typically used with recursive invocations of make.
-d: Print debugging information in addition to normal processing. The debugging information says which files are being considered for remaking, which file-times are being compared and with what results, which files actually need to be remade, which implicit rules are considered and which are applied---everything interesting about how make decides what to do.
--debug[=FLAGS]: Print debugging information in addition to normal processing. If the FLAGS are omitted, then the behavior is the same as if -d was specified. FLAGS may be a for all debugging output (same as using -d), b for basic debugging, v for more verbose basic debugging, i for showing implicit rules, j for details on invocation of commands, and m for debugging while remaking makefiles. Use n to disable all previous debugging flags.
-e, --environment-overrides: Give variables taken from the environment precedence over variables from makefiles.
-f file, --file=file, --makefile=FILE: Use file as a makefile.
-i, --ignore-errors: Ignore all errors in commands executed to remake files.
-I dir, --include-dir=dir: Specifies a directory dir to search for included makefiles. If several -I options are used to specify several directories, the directories are searched in the order specified. Unlike the arguments to other flags of make, directories given with -I flags may come directly after the flag: -Idir is allowed, as well as -I dir. This syntax is allowed for compatibility with the C preprocessor’s -I flag.
-j [jobs], --jobs[=jobs]: Specifies the number of jobs (commands) to run simultaneously. If there is more than one -j option, the last one is effective. If the -j option is given without an argument, make will not limit the number of jobs that can run simultaneously. When make invokes a sub-make, all instances of make will coordinate to run the specified number of jobs at a time; see the section PARALLEL MAKE AND THE JOBSERVER for details.
--jobserver-fds [R,W]: Internal option make uses to pass the jobserver pipe read and write file descriptor numbers to sub-makes; see the section PARALLEL MAKE AND THE JOBSERVER for details
-k, --keep-going: Continue as much as possible after an error. While the target that failed, and those that depend on it, cannot be remade, the other dependencies of these targets can be processed all the same.
-l [load], --load-average[=load]: Specifies that no new jobs (commands) should be started if there are others jobs running and the load average is at least load (a floating-point number). With no argument, removes a previous load limit.
-L, --check-symlink-times: Use the latest mtime between symlinks and target.
-n, --just-print, --dry-run, --recon: Print the commands that would be executed, but do not execute them (except in certain circumstances).
-o file, --old-file=file, --assume-old=file: Do not remake the file file even if it is older than its dependencies, and do not remake anything on account of changes in file. Essentially the file is treated as very old and its rules are ignored.
-O[type], --output-sync[=type]: When running multiple jobs in parallel with -j, ensure the output of each job is collected together rather than interspersed with output from other jobs. If type is not specified or is target the output from the entire recipe for each target is grouped together. If type is line the output from each command line within a recipe is grouped together. If type is recurse output from an entire recursive make is grouped together. If type is none output synchronization is disabled.
-p, --print-data-base: Print the data base (rules and variable values) that results from reading the makefiles; then execute as usual or as otherwise specified. This also prints the version information given by the -v switch (see below). To print the data base without trying to remake any files, use make -p -f/dev/null.
-q, --question: ‘‘Question mode’’. Do not run any commands, or print anything; just return an exit status that is zero if the specified targets are already up to date, nonzero otherwise.
-r, --no-builtin-rules: Eliminate use of the built-in implicit rules. Also clear out the default list of suffixes for suffix rules.
-R, --no-builtin-variables: Don’t define any built-in variables.
-s, --silent, --quiet: Silent operation; do not print the commands as they are executed.
-S, --no-keep-going, --stop: Cancel the effect of the -k option. This is never necessary except in a recursive make where -k might be inherited from the top-level make via MAKEFLAGS or if you set -k in MAKEFLAGS in your environment.
-t, --touch: Touch files (mark them up to date without really changing them) instead of running their commands. This is used to pretend that the commands were done, in order to fool future invocations of make.
--trace: Information about the disposition of each target is printed (why the target is being rebuilt and what commands are run to rebuild it).
-v, --version: Print the version of the make program plus a copyright, a list of authors and a notice that there is no warranty.
-w, --print-directory: Print a message containing the working directory before and after other processing. This may be useful for tracking down errors from complicated nests of recursive make commands.
--no-print-directory: Turn off -w, even if it was turned on implicitly.
-W file, --what-if=file, --new-file=file, --assume-new=file: Pretend that the target file has just been modified. When used with the -n flag, this shows you what would happen if you were to modify that file. Without -n, it is almost the same as running a touch command on the given file before running make, except that the modification time is changed only in the imagination of make.
--warn-undefined-variables: Warn when an undefined variable is referenced.

Exit Status

GNU make exits with a status of zero if all makefiles were successfully parsed and no targets that were built failed. A status of one will be returned if the -q flag was used and make determines that a target needs to be rebuilt. A status of two will be returned if any errors were encountered.

Parallel Make and the Jobserver

Using the -j option, the user can instruct make to execute tasks in parallel. By specifying a numeric argument to -j the user may specify an upper limit of the number of parallel tasks to be run.

When the build environment is such that a top level make invokes sub-makes (for instance, a style in which each sub-directory contains its own Makefile ), no individual instance of make knows how many tasks are running in parallel, so keeping the number of tasks under the upper limit would be impossible without communication between all the make instances running. While solutions like having the top level make serve as a central controller are feasible, or using other synchronization mechanisms like shared memory or sockets can be created, the current implementation uses a simple shared pipe.

This pipe is created by the top-level make process, and passed on to all the sub-makes. The top level makeprocesswrites N-1 one-byte tokens into the pipe (The top level make is assumed to reserve one token for itself). Whenever any of the make processes (including the top-level make ) needs to run a new task, it reads a byte from the shared pipe. If there are no tokens left, it must wait for a token to be written back to the pipe. Once the task is completed, the make process writes a token back to the pipe (and thus, if the tokens had been exhausted, unblocking the first make process that was waiting to read a token). Since only N-1 tokens were written into the pipe, no more than N tasks can be running at any given time.

If the job to be run is not a sub-make then make will close the jobserver pipe file descriptors before invoking the commands, so that the command can not interfere with the jobserver, and the command does not find any unusual file descriptors.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

Table of Contents

Name
Synopsis
Description
Options
Exit Status
See Also
Parallel Make and the Jobserver
Bugs
Author
Copyright